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Family in Ancient Rome
The Ancient Roman family was a complex social structure based mainly on the nuclear family, but could also include various combinations of other members, such as extended family members, household slaves, and freed slaves. Ancient Romans had different names to describe their concept of family, including "familia" to describe the nuclear family and "domus" which would have included all the inhabitants of the household.〔Bradley, Keith R. ''Discovering the Roman Family: Studies in Roman Social History''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.〕 The types of interactions between the different members of the family were dictated by the perceived social roles each member played. An Ancient Roman family's structure was constantly changing as a result of the low life expectancy and through marriage, divorce, and adoption.〔Shelton, Jo-Ann. ''As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History''. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.〕
==Fathers==
Ancient Romans placed the father at the head of the family. One definition of the term "familia" translates to "the group of people who descend from the same ''pater''," where ''pater'' means "father".〔 From this definition, a father and all his children are part of his ''familia'', as are the children of his sons. The children of his daughters, however, would become part of their father's ''familia''.〔 At the head of the entire ''familia'' was the ''paterfamilias''. The ''paterfamilias'' was the oldest living male of the family. If he had living sons, even grown men with their own families, those sons would still be under the power of the ''paterfamilias''.〔
In Ancient Rome, fathers were endowed with nearly limitless power over their family, especially their children. This ''patria potestas'', or "the father's power" gave him legal rights over his children until he died or his children were emancipated.〔Harlow, Mary, and Ray Laurence. ''Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome: A Life Course Approach.'' London: Routledge, 2002.〕 These powers included the right to arrange marriages or force divorce, expose a new born child if he did not want him/her, and even disown, sell, or kill his child.〔 Even though a father had these legal rights, it did not mean these acts were common. Fathers wanted their children as heirs for the continuation of their bloodlines. Ancient Romans believed the ''patria potestas'' was first dictated by Romulus, the founder and first king of Rome.〔''Fontes Iuris Romani Antejustiniani'' (2nd ed.,Florence,1940-1943)〕 Legally, if a child did not share the father's citizenship, he or she was not under his ''patria potestas''.〔Dixon, Suzanne. ''The Roman Family''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Accessed October 20, 2015. ACLS Humanities eBook.〕
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